Latin — 1533, repaired
Passiones animi nihil aliud sunt, quam quidam motus sive inclinationes provenientes ex apprehensione alicuius rei, tanquam boni vel mali, convenientis vel disconvenientis. Apprehensiones autem huiusmodi sunt triplices, videlicet sensuales, rationales, mentales. Et secundum has triplices sunt in anima passiones: nam quandoque sequuntur apprehensionem sensitivam, et tunc respiciunt bonum aut malum temporale sub ratione commodi vel incommodi, delectabilis et offensivi, et dicuntur passiones naturales sive animales: quandoque sequuntur apprehensionem rationalem, et sic respiciunt bonum aut malum sub ratione virtutis et vitii, laudis et vituperii, utilis et inutilis, honesti et turpis, et dicuntur passiones rationales seu voluntariae: quandoque sequuntur apprehensionem mentalem, et respiciunt bonum et malum sub ratione iusti et iniusti, veri et falsi, et tunc dicuntur passiones intellectuales, sive syndereseos. Subiectum autem passionum animae est ipsa vis animae concupitiva, et dividitur in concupiscibilem et irascibilem, et utraque respicit bonum et malum, sed diversimode.
Vis enim concupiscibilis quandoque respicit bonum et malum absolute, et sic causatur amor seu libido, et e contrario odium: vel respicit bonum ut absens, et sic causatur cupiditas seu desiderium; vel malum ut absens, sed ut imminens, et sic causatur horror, fuga et abominatio: vel respicit bonum et malum ut praesens et adeptum, et sic oritur hinc delectatio, laetitia, voluptas: inde tristitia, angustia, dolor. Vis autem irascibilis respicit bonum et malum sub ratione difficultatis ad adipiscendum sive obtinendum, fugiendum vel depellendum, et hoc quandoque cum fidentia: et sic causatur, hinc quidem spes, inde vero audacia: quandoque cum diffidentia, et sic oritur desperatio, et metus sive timor. Quandoque vis ipsa irascibilis surgit in vindictam, et hoc fit solum circa malum praeteritum tanquam illatae iniuriae seu laesionis, et causatur ira. Et sic reperimus undecim passiones in ipso animo, quae sunt: amor, odium, desiderium, horror, laetitia, dolor, spes, desperatio, audacia, timor, ira.
Close translation
The passions of the mind are nothing other than certain movements or inclinations arising from the apprehension of some thing, as good or bad, agreeable or disagreeable. Now apprehensions of this kind are threefold: sensual, rational, mental. And according to these three kinds the passions in the soul are threefold too: for sometimes they follow sensitive apprehension, and then they regard temporal good or bad under the aspect of the convenient or inconvenient, the delightful and the offensive, and are called natural or animal passions; sometimes they follow rational apprehension, and thus regard good or bad under the aspect of virtue and vice, praise and blame, useful and useless, honorable and base, and are called rational or voluntary passions; sometimes they follow mental apprehension, and regard good and bad under the aspect of just and unjust, true and false, and then they are called intellectual passions, or passions of synderesis. Now the subject of the passions of the soul is the appetitive power of the soul itself, and it is divided into the concupiscible and the irascible, and each regards good and bad, but in a different way.
For the concupiscible power sometimes regards good and bad absolutely, and thus love or desire is caused, and, on the contrary, hatred; or it regards the good as absent, and thus cupidity or desire is caused; or the bad as absent but as imminent, and thus horror, flight, and abomination are caused; or it regards good and bad as present and attained, and thus from the one arise delight, gladness, pleasure; from the other, sadness, anguish, pain. But the irascible power regards good and bad under the aspect of the difficulty of obtaining or possessing, of fleeing or repelling, and this sometimes with confidence: and thus are caused, from the one, hope, from the other, boldness; sometimes with diffidence, and thus arise despair and dread or fear. And sometimes the irascible power itself rises up for vengeance, and this happens only concerning a past evil as an injury or hurt inflicted, and anger is caused. And thus we find eleven passions in the mind itself, which are: love, hatred, desire, horror, gladness, pain, hope, despair, boldness, fear, anger.
Modern rendering
The passions of the mind are simply movements or inclinations set off by how we take in something — as good or bad, agreeable or not. There are three kinds of apprehension: through the senses, through reason, through the mind — and the passions divide the same way. When a passion follows sense-apprehension, it's about temporary good or bad, in terms of convenient/inconvenient, pleasant/offensive, and we call these natural or animal passions. When it follows rational apprehension, it's about good or bad in terms of virtue and vice, praise and blame, useful and useless, honorable and base — these are rational or voluntary passions. When it follows mental apprehension, it's about good or bad in terms of just and unjust, true and false — these are intellectual passions, or passions belonging to conscience itself. The seat of the soul's passions is its appetitive power, which splits into the desiring power and the assertive power; both deal with good and bad, but differently.
The desiring power sometimes takes good and bad outright, producing love or desire, and, oppositely, hatred; sometimes it takes the good as absent, producing longing or desire; or takes the bad as absent but closing in, producing horror, the urge to flee, and revulsion; or takes good and bad as present and already had, producing on one side delight, gladness, pleasure, and on the other sadness, anguish, pain. The assertive power deals with good and bad in terms of how hard they are to get or hold on to, to escape or push away — sometimes with confidence, which produces hope on one side and boldness on the other; sometimes with a lack of confidence, which produces despair and dread or fear. And sometimes this same power rises up to get even — and this happens only over a past wrong, an injury already done — producing anger. So we come out with eleven passions of the mind: love, hatred, desire, horror, gladness, pain, hope, despair, boldness, fear, anger.
Editorial flags — draft status
- uncertain: ‘syndereseos’ reconstruction: OCR ‘fyndaaefis’ is badly damaged; the sense (a fourth, conscience-level passion-class after sensual/rational/mental) is clear from context but the exact Latin inflection is not fully certain.